An emergency department nurse is reviewing articles for potential changes to the protocol for pain management. Which source would be considered the highest quality of evidence to influence this change?
A case study on pain management outcomes
Systematic review of clinical trials
Textbook reference using standard pain management protocols
Expert opinion published in a professional nursing journal
A systematic review is a type of research that collects and critically analyzes multiple research studies or papers. Given its comprehensive nature, which includes evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of included studies, it provides the highest level of evidence for practice changes. A case study, while valuable, typically explores a single or a small number of cases and does not offer a broad scope of analysis. Expert opinion is based on the experiences and views of experts, but it may not always reflect a comprehensive view of current evidence. Textbook references may be outdated and do not necessarily reflect the most current research findings.
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