A security analyst is examining an encrypted message intercepted from a suspected espionage operation. The message appears to use a classical cipher, and the analyst begins counting symbol occurrences and comparing their distribution patterns against standard language statistics. Which cryptanalytic attack method is the analyst MOST likely employing?
The correct answer is frequency analysis. This technique works by examining the statistical patterns of symbols in ciphertext and comparing them to known letter frequency distributions in the target language (such as 'E' being most common in English). Since substitution ciphers maintain these frequency patterns (just with different symbols), this analysis can reveal the original mapping without knowing the encryption key.
Brute force would inefficiently try all possible key combinations. Known plaintext attacks require having both plaintext and corresponding ciphertext samples, which aren't available in this scenario. Side-channel attacks exploit physical implementation vulnerabilities rather than analyzing the encrypted content itself.
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ISC2 CISSP
Security Architecture and Engineering
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