A defendant threw a heavy rock intending to scare a victim who was sitting near the edge of a cliff. The rock missed the victim but startled them, causing the victim to lose their balance and fall off the cliff. Before hitting the ground, the victim's fall was broken by an unexpected landslide triggered by an earlier earthquake, which caused some rocks to crush the victim to death. The defendant is charged with homicide. How should the court analyze causation in this case?
The defendant's action is not a proximate cause because the landslide was an unforeseeable intervening event that caused the victim's death.
The defendant is not liable for the victim's death because the rock did not directly harm the victim, and the harm resulted from separate natural causes.
The defendant's action is a proximate cause of the victim's death because the act of throwing the rock created the risk of harm resulting in the victim's death.
The defendant is liable for the victim's death because the act led the victim to fall off the cliff.
The correct answer focuses on the defendant's significant role in initiating the sequence of events that led to the victim's death. Despite the landslide serving as an intervening factor, it does not sever the defendant's liability as courts recognize that intervening events may not eliminate causation if the defendant's act remains a substantial factor in the final harm. Other answers are incorrect because they either overstate the impact of the landslide by claiming it completely breaks the chain of causation, misrepresent the requirement of physical contact for causation, or impose strict liability without accounting for proximate causation principles.
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